Outline the architecture of the central processing unit (CPU) and the functions of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the control unit (CU) and the registers within the CPU.

Explain the machine instruction cycle.

Describe the main functions of an
operating system.

• CPU
• ALU
• CU
• Registers
• RAM--primary memory, usually volatile
• ROM--read only memory
• Cache Memory.
• Hard drive--secondary memory, non volatile
• Power Supply and its highest output voltage (12 v)--static charge must be above 10,000 volts (more than enough to "zap" electronics) to be felt
• Mother board/bus--how the CPU communicates with the computer's parts
• Video Card/monitor--how the computer communicates with you
• USB, Parallel, and Serial ports--how the computer communicates with peripherals, such as printers
• Network card--how the computer communicates with other computers

 

3. Describe the function of ROM and the BIOS.
4. Describe the function of a UPS (uninterrupted power supply, battery back up).
5. Name the 2 most common I/O devices. (keyboard, monitor)
6. Compare single user computer systems with Networks.

• stand-alone applications (single user)--word processors, spread sheets, etc.
• information sharing and communication--various mark up languages such as html (used on web pages), 
• distributed software--applets (use java language), java scripts (not java!), server side software, etc
• cluster computing--Beowulf systems, SETI

Read Sections: 1.1 to 1.4

Chapter 1 & 2 (continued): How Information is Represented

8. Describe the following number systems: binary, decimal, and hexadecimal (see How to Count to 1,023 on Your Fingers).
9. Convert binary to decimal numbers.
10. Convert binary to hexadecimal numbers.  (see Hex Headquarters)
11. Convert hexadecimal to binary.
12. Convert hexadecimal to decimal numbers.
13. State how characters are represented inside computers and give the name of the 2 types of code.

• State which comes first upper or lower case numbers. Upper case comes first.
• Write a program that converts a lower case character to upper and vice versa and converts a character to the Unicode number used to represent it.

Code Type	Bytes	Possible Characters
ASCII	1	256
Unicode (used in Java)	2	65,536

14. Describe how colors are commonly represented.
15. Given a quantity of bits specify the largest number which can be represented.

max # = (2ⁿ - 1)

16. Given a number of bits specify the largest number of objects or colors which can be specified. max # of objects = 2ⁿ

Read Sections: 1.5 to 1.7

 

Homefun (summative/formative assessment):

Complete the Number Conversion and Unicode worksheet

Chapter 1 & 2 (continued): Software Design Basics

(AP Computer Science Standard: I Object-Oriented Program Design)

17. Use the two major computer program development tools.

• Pseudo code--English language-like representation of code that looks code-like and describes the detailed operation of a program. Pseudo code does not follow the syntax of any particular programming language.
• Flow Charts--use PowerPoint

19. Contrast procedural and object oriented programming. (Note: Java is object oriented.)

21. Describe top-down design.
22. Describe key strategies in the test phase.

• isolation testing--classes and libraries are tested separately
• boundary condition testing--boundaries are identified and used for generating test data.
• integration testing--all of the software's components are combined and tested as a unit

23. State the type of program used for delivering Java programs over the internet.
24. Write a simple applet. (See AppletDemo Code. Run AppletDemo)

Read Chap. 2

Homefun (summative/formative assessment):

Exercises 1, 6, p. 38

Use a flow chart to represent algorithms containing a loop

• multiplication using only addition
• division using only subtraction

Programming Assignments:

• Exercises 14, (15 &16) in same program
• Write a really cool applet that moves three or more different types of graphic elements around the screen while changing their color and size. Output a stationary title for the applet in the center of the screen so that it is never obscured by the moving elements. The elements are to look like they move under the writing. Use a timer to control the speed of the animation.

Summative Assessment: Test Chap 1 & 2 Objectives 1-24--come prepared to write an applet on paper

• fully-qualified name - Library.package.class example: javax.swing.JButton (means JButton class)

• wild card - The wild card or * causes all the classes of a package to be included in a program. example: import javax.swing.*

• instance - a data record with unique values stored for each of the non-static fields in a class.

• object - see instance above.

• methods - the name of the method is always followed by a set of parentheses. example: calculateCost ( )

• instance methods When used by a different class it is called with an instance of its home class, example: bob.getsOlder ( ). bob is an instance or object of the class containing the getsOlder method.

• Static methods declared static in the method's 1st line of code. When used by a different class it is called with name of its home class, example Math.cos (5.9). Math is the class name. cos ( ) is a method inside the Math class. 5.9 is a double being passed to the cos method as an argument.

• parameters--give data types. Parameters are contained in method's header and specify the arguments to be used when calling a method. example: computeTax (double income, int age). income and age are both parameters.

• arguments--used when calling a method. example: computeTax (dollars, years). dollars and years are both arguments. Note: the data type of the argument must mach that of the parameter, but the name does not need to match.

• constructor - are methods that establish the initial values of fields. Called with new operator when the object is created and allocated RAM. Must have the same name as the class.

• field - a non-static data member (primitives or objects) of a class declared within the class (normally at the top) but not within a method. Has a specific value for each instance.

• static - A Java keyword used to define a variable as a class variable or a method as a class method. Static methods & variables are called with the name of their class. Static variables are declared in a class but not in a method similar to fields. Unlike fields, static variables can store only a single value regardless of the number of instances of the class.

• event - starts or stops a procedure that is defined in a listener. Events are created by objects such as buttons, sliders, timers, etc.

• listener - listeners are methods that respond to events. Programs using listeners must implement the appropriate interface that specifies the listener.

• interface - uses the implements keyword. Interfaces are used for a variety of tasks including adding listeners.

• classes - Their names are always capitalized

 

Programming Assignment (summative/formative assessment): Complete the Pumpkin Project as specified in the Farm class using the Pumpkin class.

Inheritance

3. Explain the "has-a" relationship. (Used for defining fields)

client, characteristic, or component relationship examples: A car has a motor. A store has a customer. A girl has a name. A class has a field.

4. Use "super" to call public methods of a super class from within a subclass.

super.calculateHours ( double starTime, double stopTime);

5. Be aware that private fields in a superclass cannot be accessed in subclasses, not even using a get method.

6. Access a superclass's protected fields from a subclass by calling a get method for the field.

example : super.getWeight ( );  // returns the value of the protected

                                                  // weight field found in the 

                                                  // superclass

7. Explain the term "primitive data types" and give examples. These are data types that are fully defined within the Java language. a primitive data type will have a fixed memory allocation (in other words number of bytes used for storage of the value).

examples: int, char, double

8. Name four classes contained in the java.lang package which are automatically imported into your java programs.

• System

• Math

• Object

• String

 

Read Chap. 3; Computational Thinking

 

Homefun (summative/formative assessment):

1. Write brief definitions for the terms in objectives 1 and 2 that are highlighted as follows: Term. Use the textbook and the Sun Developer Network Glossary.

    

2. Next find a program(s) with examples of each of the terms in objectives 1 & 2 and identify them. You may use programs from the book, the internet, or ones you've written yourself. You may work as a group on part 2.

Programming Assignment: Exercise 9, 10, 12

Programming Assignment: Write an applet with a Human class, Student class, School class and a Grades interface. The Human class will have a field for IQ and a constructor that can give it a unique value. The student class will have fields for name, test1, test2, and average grade. It will extend the Human class. The student class constructor will have parameters for initializing all the fields except average grade. The grades interface will have a method for calculating average grades. The student class will make use of the method that calculates average grade from the grades interface. The school is to have 3 students created in the school class and is to output all the school's information in a table as follow shown in the following example:

Name          IQ        Test 1       Test 2          Average Grade

Bob            100         50            100                   75

Jane           110         90            100                   95

Martha        120         80              90                   85

 

Summative Assessment: Test Chap 3 Objectives 1- 8

Relevance: Knowledge of object oriented programs (OOPs) is a highly useful employment skill The degree breakdown for computer/math scientists

 

Essential Question: How does an algorithm compare to a mathematical model in physics or engineering?

1. Define the term algorithm.
2. Correctly use recursion. Read the Barron's book write up on recursion. Click here for a simple example of recursion. Relevance: If you can do recursions you can learn to do anything in Comp Sci.
   • Must call itself within the method
   • Must alter one or more of its arguments each time it calls itself.

   • Must have a means of stopping itself based on the modified argument(s)

   • Stores calculated values in a stack and evaluates them after the recursion stops.

Programming Assignment: Write a program that inputs an integer n using command line input and uses it to calculate n factorial using recursion.

 

Programming Assignment: Write an application that finds and outputs Pi using recursion and the following series: Click here for 3 examples of recursion.

(Pi ²)/6 = 1 + 1/2² + 1/3² + ... + 1/n²

Input the number of times the recursion should run using command line input.

3. Determine the number of iterations a given recursion will have.
4. Define list in abstract terms. an abstract data structure that implements an ordered collection of values, where the same value may occur more than once. The simplest form of list is an array.

• items numbered
• method for accessing the i ^th item is defined

5. Define traversal.
The process of visiting (examining and/or updating) each node or item in a list.
6. Compare sequential to binary search.

   Note: O(----) as shown below is called big O notation and indicates how run time will increase for as the amount of data items = n increases.

 

Read Chap. 4; Algorithms Should Mind Your Business, How To Think: Algorithmic Thinking, Read the Recursion section of the Barron's book. Read and study yet another Mr. Rogers' recursion example.

 

1) Exercises 1,  7, 9,
2) Based on the reading assignments, write a 1/2 to one page paper explaining what algorithmic thinking is and how it differs from mathematical thinking.

1. Correctly use the three forms of comments:

• // Single line comment

• /* One or more lines of comments*/

• /** Javadoc comments*/

2. Identify reserved words (p. 107).

3. Correctly use the naming conventions for classes, methods, and fields.

• Capitalize the first letter of classes but not methods or fields.

• The first character must be a letter & have no spaces in it.

• Names can include letters, numbers or the underscore_.

• Names should be descriptive.

• Method names = verbs, field = nouns

• Constants use all capitals.

4. Correctly indent programs.

Homefun (summative/formative assessment):

Read Chap. 5; Princeton professor foresees computer science revolution

Exercises 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10

 

Programming Assignment: Lab 5.6

 

Relevance: A program won't run without proper syntax. Proper style makes the code readable so that it can be modified and maintained.

 

Essential Question: Why did you learn to find remainders in grade school instead of going straight to long division ?

5. Understand the meaning and use of the equal sign in Java.

• Can have only one field or variable on the left side

• Means "replaced by", not equals

6. Correctly declare fields and local variables.

7. Correctly initialize fields, local variable, and parameters.

8. State the default values used for initializing fields.

• numeric types: 0

• objects: null

9. State the default value used for initializing local variables. (there isn't one)

10. State the eight types of primitive data types and their sizes in bytes. (p. 129)

11. Explain why the largest size of an integer or long variable can be a major issue. The size is finite and if the size is exceeded the program will not work.

Data Type	Max size
int	slightly over 2.1 x 10 9
long	slightly over 9.2  x 10 18
double	1.8 x 10 308

9. Explain the limitations of precision on floating point data types and why these limitations can produce round-off errors. Unlike a short, integer, or long, a floating point number is not exact. It has a limited number of significant figures. Repetitive calculations can produce significant rounding errors.

10. State the primitive data types which do not have a true zero and explain why this can be a problem. double and float

11. Correctly Use:

• literal constant - letters in single quotes and numbers

• symbolic constant - declared and initialized using final

• escape sequences (p.131, \n newline, \t tab, \\ slash, etc.)

15. Understand the term scope (p. 133). Note: the concept of scope is incredibly important to programming in Java. You must consider it whenever you create a variable. As a matter of style, variables should be declared at the top limit of their scope.

• inside the { } of a class

• inside the { } of a method

• inside the { } of a loop, if, else statement, or any other set of {}

16. Correctly convert numbers and objects into strings and explain why objects need special attention. (An object may have multiple variables or fields of different data types associated with them, hence the output has to be defined in order to understand how it should be done.)

• Concatenate to an empty string. Example: System.out.print ("" + 6);

• Use toString method for converting objects to strings (This method outputs the class name and memory location. To output something more meaningful it has to be overridden.)

Homefun (summative/formative assessment): read Sections 6.1 to 6.5; Exercises 1- 7 p.146-147

17. Use literal constants as either int or doubles (Example: int: 2, double: 2.0).

18. Correctly use the order of operation for arithmetic.

    1. parentheses

    2. division, multiplication, modulus

    3. addition, subtraction

19. Perform division using integers and doubles.

Note: integer division truncates the decimal portion of a number. It does NOT round numbers. Mixed division of integers and doubles upgrades the answer to a double (this is called autoboxing).

Examples:

division of integers: 1 / 2       yields 0

division of doubles: 1.0 / 2.0 yields 0.5

mixed division:         1 / 2.0    yields 0.5,  1.0 / 2    yields 0.5  

 

17. Truncate and round numbers using integer division.

Examples:

1/2 rounded to nearest whole number

((1*10) / 2 + 5) / 10  yields 1

 

y/x  rounded to nearest whole number

((y*10) / x + 5) / 10

20. Cast variables.

Example:

int a, b;

double c;

c = (double) a / (double) b;

Correctly use various arithmetic operators including: modulus (%) returns remainder: 1 = 5 % 2 compound assignment operators (/=, +=, -=, *=, %=) increment/decrement (y++, ++y, y--, --y)

Modulus Examples 1 = 1 % 3 2 = 2 % 3 0 = 3 % 3 1 = 4 % 3 2 = 5 % 3 0 = 6 % 3

 

Homefun (summative/formative assessment): Read Sections 6.6 to 6.10; Exercises 8, 10, 11 p.147-148

 

Programming Assignment: Lab 6.10, Exercises 12, 13 p.148

 

Programming Assignment: Write a program which uses command line input to input a single dimension in centimeters. Use this dimension to calculate and output the surface area and volume of a cube, sphere, and cylinder along with the correct units. The radius and height of the cylinder are equal to the dimension. Use a separate method for each calculation.

Relevance: Handling massive numbers of transactions involving money without losing anything to rounding errors is a major issue for international finance and businesses.

 

Essential Question: How does a progressive income tax system work and is it a good idea?

Note: with a progressive income tax, when a higher rate is triggered the taxpayer only pays the higher rate on income above the amount that triggers the higher rate.

Tax code program:

Input: Using the command line input income in dollars. (This needs to be changed to cents inside the program.)

Output:

• Taxable income in dollars

• Tax due in dollars (round tenths of cents upward)

• Nominal tax rate in % of income

NTR = (taxDue) / (income) *100

Description: The program will round any tenths of a cent upward. "If" statements are not allowed. The program will use only algorithms to calculate taxes. It will use the following progressive tax table:

 

Income ($)	Tax Rate	Comments
0 to 19,999.99	00 %	This part of income is never taxed
20,000 to 29,999.99	25 %	Only income above $19,999.99 is taxed at 25%
30,000 +	35 %	Only Income above $29,999.99 is taxed at 35%. Note this is an additional 10% above the 25% tax that kicks in at $29,999.99.

 

Homefun (summative/formative assessment):

Practice Test

Summative Assessment: Test Chap 5 & 6 Objectives 1-22